Journal directory listing - Volume 66 (2021) - Journal of Research in Education Sciences【66(2)】June
Directory
Investigation of Outstanding College Volleyball Players’ Ego Identity and Well-being
Author: Ping-Ting Han (Institution of Education, National Sun Yat-sen University), Zuway-R Hong (Center for General Education, Kaohsiung Medical University; Institution of Education, National Sun Yat-sen University), Ying-Yan Lu (Office of Institutional Research & Planning, Kaohsiung Medical University; Institution of Education, National Sun Yat-sen University), Huann-Shyang Lin (Si Wan College Center for General Education, National Sun Yat-sen University), Hsin-Hui Wang(Institute for Learning Sciences & Teacher Education, Australian Catholic University), Ai-Ya Huang (Institution of Education, National Sun Yat-sen University)
Vol.&No.：Vol. 66, No. 2
Date：June 2021
Pages：111-144
DOI：https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.202106_66(2).0004
Abstract：
This study investigated outstanding college volleyball players’ ego identity and well-being. This study purposively selected 136 outstanding volleyball players as the sample. All participants were asked to respond to the well-structured “Outstanding College Volleyball Players’ Questionnaire” to assess their ego identity and well-being. In addition, two target students with the highest scores in well-being and another two target students with the lowest scores were selected purposively for individual interviews. Exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency reliability test, t test, Chi-squared test, Partial Least Squares (PLS), and theme content analysis were performed. Initial results revealed that 32.3% of outstanding volleyball players were in the “identity diffusion” stage. More male players than female players were identified as being in the “identity achievement” stage. The players in the “identity achievement” stage had positive interpersonal relationships, high life satisfaction and academic achievement, and successful personal growth. The qualitative results indicated that the male players’ high levels of life satisfaction and positive interpersonal relationships improved their well-being and identity achievement. By contrast, the pressure and frustration from academic study might have decreased some players’ well-being and increased their identity diffusion. The current results suggest that college educators should consider the physical and mental health of players who are female or non-physical education majors. We recommend that more attention be given to providing players with approaches of improving their identity achievement.
Keywords：outstanding college volleyball players, ego identity, well-being, non-physical education majors, physical education majors
《Full Text》
References：
- Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M.（2016）。結構方程模式：偏最小平方法PLS-SEM（湯家偉，譯）。高等教育。（原著出版於2014年） 【Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (C.-W. Tang, Trans.). Higher Education. (Original work published 2014)】
- 行政院主計總處（2013）。社會指標統計年報2012國民幸福指數專刊。https://ebook.dgbas.gov. tw/public/Data/31211154738MKFOK1MR.pdf 【Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan. (2013). Social indicators 2012. https://ebook.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/31211154738MKFOK1MR.pdf】
- 吳枚瑛、陳香廷、魯盈讌、洪瑞兒（2018）。探討高雄市青少年自覺健康、身體意象及幸福感之關係。教育科學研究期刊，63（1），33-67。https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.2018.63(1).02 【Wu, M.-Y., Chen, H.-T., Lu, Y.-Y., & Hong, Z.-R (2018). Relationships between the self-perceptions of health awareness, body image, and well-being among adolescents in Kaohsiung. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 63(1), 33-67. https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.2018.63(1).02】
- 吳治翰、粘瑞狄、齊璘、林季燕、張育愷（2018）。運動員之正念傾向水平對運動心理技能、運動心理韌性之影響。運動教練科學，51，25-39。https://doi.org/10.6194/SCS.201809_51.0003 【Wu, C.-H., Nien, J.-T., Chi, L., Lin, C.-Y., & Chang, Y.-K. (2018). The effects of mental skills and mental toughness associated with dispositional mindfulness in athletes. Sports Coaching Science, 51, 25-39. https://doi.org/10.6194/SCS.201809_51.0003】
- 林國銘、黃琇瑩、曾明郎（2011）。以個人策略規劃觀點談大學運動員生涯規劃。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，10（1），175-184。https://doi.org/10.6169/NCYUJPEHR.10.1.18 【Lin, K.-M., Huang, S.-Y., & Tseng, M.-L. (2011). An exploration of the career planning of college athletes from the viewpoint of personal strategic planning. NCYU Physical Education, Health & Recreation Journal, 10(1), 175-184. https://doi.org/10.6169/NCYUJPEHR.10.1.18】
» More
- Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M.（2016）。結構方程模式：偏最小平方法PLS-SEM（湯家偉，譯）。高等教育。（原著出版於2014年） 【Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (C.-W. Tang, Trans.). Higher Education. (Original work published 2014)】
- 行政院主計總處（2013）。社會指標統計年報2012國民幸福指數專刊。https://ebook.dgbas.gov. tw/public/Data/31211154738MKFOK1MR.pdf 【Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan. (2013). Social indicators 2012. https://ebook.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/31211154738MKFOK1MR.pdf】
- 吳枚瑛、陳香廷、魯盈讌、洪瑞兒（2018）。探討高雄市青少年自覺健康、身體意象及幸福感之關係。教育科學研究期刊，63（1），33-67。https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.2018.63(1).02 【Wu, M.-Y., Chen, H.-T., Lu, Y.-Y., & Hong, Z.-R (2018). Relationships between the self-perceptions of health awareness, body image, and well-being among adolescents in Kaohsiung. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 63(1), 33-67. https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.2018.63(1).02】
- 吳治翰、粘瑞狄、齊璘、林季燕、張育愷（2018）。運動員之正念傾向水平對運動心理技能、運動心理韌性之影響。運動教練科學，51，25-39。https://doi.org/10.6194/SCS.201809_51.0003 【Wu, C.-H., Nien, J.-T., Chi, L., Lin, C.-Y., & Chang, Y.-K. (2018). The effects of mental skills and mental toughness associated with dispositional mindfulness in athletes. Sports Coaching Science, 51, 25-39. https://doi.org/10.6194/SCS.201809_51.0003】
- 林國銘、黃琇瑩、曾明郎（2011）。以個人策略規劃觀點談大學運動員生涯規劃。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，10（1），175-184。https://doi.org/10.6169/NCYUJPEHR.10.1.18 【Lin, K.-M., Huang, S.-Y., & Tseng, M.-L. (2011). An exploration of the career planning of college athletes from the viewpoint of personal strategic planning. NCYU Physical Education, Health & Recreation Journal, 10(1), 175-184. https://doi.org/10.6169/NCYUJPEHR.10.1.18】
- 胡業成（2005）。花東地區高中職運動績優生學校生活困擾與適應情形之研究（未出版碩士論文）。輔仁大學。 【Hu, Y.-C. (2005). Difficulties on school learning and coping methods of elite student-athletes of Hualien-Taitung high schools [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Fu Jen Catholic University.】
- 涂馨友、黃崇儒（2012）。體育相關科系學生運動員的生涯規劃。國民體育季刊，41（4），49- 53。 【Tu, H.-Y., & Huang, C.-J. (2012). Career planning of student athletes in sports related departments. Physical Education Quarterly, 41(4), 49-53.】
- 涂馨友、闕月清（2014）。自我認同運用於大專運動員職業選擇歷程之探究。臺灣運動教育學報，9（1），41-56。https://doi.org/10.6580/JTSP.2014.9(1).03 【Tu, H.-Y., & Keh, N.-C. (2014). Self-identity used in exploring college athletes vocation choosing processes. Journal of Taiwan Sport Pedagogy, 9(1), 41-56. https://doi.org/10.6580/JTSP.2014.9(1).03】
- 國立屏東科技大學生物統計小組（2017）。生物統計學（第四版）。新文京。 【Biostatistics Group of National Pingtung University of Science and Technology. (2017). Biostatistics (4th ed.). New Wun Ching.】
- 張文馨、陳思羽、季力康（2012）。運動熱情與主觀幸福感的關係：正向情緒的中介效果。體育學報，45（4），301-309。https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.4504.201212.0804 【Chang, W.-S., Chen, S.-Y., & Chi, L.-K. (2012). The relationship between passion and subjective well-being in athletes: The mediating role of positive emotion. Physical Education Journal, 45(4), 301-309. https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.4504.201212.0804】
- 張傳琳、陳坤虎、李怡真、王沂釗、何縕琪、危芷芬、許育齡（2013）。正向心理學。洪葉文化。 【Chang, C.-L., Chen, K.-H., Lee, Y.-C., Wang, Y.-C., Ho, Y.-C., Wei, C.-F., & Hsu, Y.-L. (2013). Positive psychology. Hungyeh.】
- 張霖家、林文忠、王中興（2010）。高中籃球代表隊員運動目標取向、教練領導行為及成績表現之研究。育達科大學報，24，87-111。https://doi.org/10.7074/YDAJB.201009.0087 【Chang, L.-C., Lin, W.-C., & Wang, C.-H. (2010). The study of goal orientation, coach leadership behavior and performance among HBL players in Taiwan. Yu Da Academic Journal, 24, 87-111. https://doi.org/10.7074/YDAJB.201009.0087】
- 教育部（2020）。中等以上學校運動成績優良學生升學輔導辦法。https://edu.law.moe.gov.tw/LawContent.aspx?id=FL009290&KeyWord=%e4%b8%ad%e7%ad%89%e4%bb%a5%e4%b8%8a%e5%ad%b8%e6%a0%a1%e9%81%8b%e5%8b%95%e6%88%90%e7%b8%be%e5%84%aa%e8%89%af%e5%ad%b8%e7%94%9f%e5%8d%87%e5%ad%b8%e8%bc%94%e5%b0%8e%e8%be%a6%e6%b3%95 【Ministry of Education. (2020). Regulations of Further Studies Counseling for Students with Excellent Sports Performance in Secondary Schools and Above. https://edu.law.moe.gov.tw/LawContent.aspx?id=FL009290&KeyWord=%e4%b8%ad%e7%ad%89%e4%bb%a5%e4%b8%8a%e5%ad%b8%e6%a0%a1%e9%81%8b%e5%8b%95%e6%88%90%e7%b8%be%e5%84%aa%e8%89%af%e5%ad%b8%e7%94%9f%e5%8d%87%e5%ad%b8%e8%bc%94%e5%b0%8e%e8%be%a6%e6%b3%95】
- 許筱瑜（2015）。大學應屆畢業生自我統合狀態與海外打工度假關係之研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立中山大學。 【Hsu, H.-Y. (2015). The investigation of the relationship between senior college students’ ego identity and intention of working holiday [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Sun Yat-sen University.】
- 陳向明（2002）。社會科學質的研究。五南。 【Chen, X.-M. (2002). Social science qualitative research. Wu-Nan.】
- 陳坤虎、雷庚玲、吳英璋（2005）。不同階段青少年之自我認同內容及危機探索之發展差異。中華心理學刊，47（3），249-268。https://doi.org/10.6129/CJP.2005.4703.04 【Chen, K.-H., Lay, K.-L., & Wu, Y.-C. (2005). The developmental differences of identity content and exploration among adolescents of different stages. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 47(3), 249-268. https://doi.org/10.6129/CJP.2005.4703.04】
- 陳怡帆、程瑞福（2013）。以生態系統觀點析論高中體育班學生學習與升學進路。體育學報，46（4），443-457。https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.4604.201312.1311 【Chen, Y.-F., & Chen, J.-F. (2013). Learning and advanced education of high school students in athletic class: A perspective of ecological systems. Physical Education Journal, 46(4), 443-457. https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.4604.201312.1311】
- 陳怡姿（2017）。大學生社交自我效能、困擾揭露與幸福感之相關研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺中教育大學。 【Chen, Y.-Z. (2017). The study of relationships among social self-efficacy, distress disclosure, and well-being of college students [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Taichung University of Education.】
- 陳建瑋、季力康（2009）。大學生不同運動階段基本心理需求與主觀幸福感之相關研究。體育學報，42（1），25-37。https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.4201.200903.0703 【Chen, C.-W., & Chi, L.-K. (2009). The relationship of exercise stages, psychological needs and subjective well-being among college students. Physical Education Journal, 42(1), 25-37. https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.4201.200903.0703】
- 陸洛（1998）。中國人幸福感之內涵、測量及相關因素探討。行政院國家科學委員會研究彙刊：人文及社會科學，8（1），115-137。 【Lu, L. (1998). The meaning, measure and correlates of happiness among of Chinese people. Proceedings of the National Science Council, Republic of China, Part C: Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(1), 115-137.】
- 曾怡雅（2010）。大學生分離個體化、父母依附、及生涯自我認同狀態之相關研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立交通大學。https://doi.org/10.6842/NCTU.2010.00310 【Tseng, Y.-Y. (2010). The correlative study of separation individuation, parent attachment, and career identity status of undergraduate students [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Chiao Tung University. https://doi.org/10.6842/NCTU.2010.00310】
- 馮麗花、李淑玲（2004）。運動員壓力來源及因應策略之探討。大專體育，74，171-178。https://doi.org/10.6162/SRR.2004.74.25 【Feng, L.-H., & Lee, S.-L. (2004). Discussion on the source of athlete’s pressure and coping strategies. Sports Research Review, 74, 171-178. https://doi.org/10.6162/SRR.2004.74.25】
- 黃慬韻（2015）。大學生生涯探索、自我認同狀態與心理幸福感之關係研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立屏東大學。 【Huang, C.-Y. (2015). The study of the relations among career exploration, self-identity status and psychological well-being of undergraduates [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Pingtung University.】
- 黃慧雯（2002）。大學生的自我分化、社會活動經驗與自我認定狀態之相關研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學。 【Huang, H.-W. (2002). The relationships among self-differentiation, social activity experience and ego identity status for undergraduate students in Taiwan [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Taiwan Normal University.】
- 葉素汝（2004）。身體自我概念與運動行為關係之探討。大專體育，75，134-142。https://doi.org/10.6162/SRR.2004.75.23 【Yeh, S.-R. (2004). An exploration on the relationship between physical self-concept and sports behavior. Sports Research Review, 75, 134-142. https://doi.org/10.6162/SRR.2004.75.23】
- 詹俊成、林裕恩、林郁偉、廖宗耀、陳素青（2016）。大學體育系學生涯選擇影響因素之研究─以社會認知生涯理論驗證。體育學報，49（3），317-335。https://doi.org/10.3966/102472972016094903006 【Chan, C.-C., Lin, Y.-E., Lin, Y.-W., Liao, T.-Y., & Chen, S.-C. (2016). Factors affecting the career choices of university physical education students as verified through the social cognitive career theory. Physical Education Journal, 49(3), 317-335. https://doi.org/10.3966/102472972016094903006】
- 詹俊成、陳素青（2013）。落實運動員生涯輔導策略之探討。中華體育季刊，27（1），31-37。https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.2701.201303.1305 【Chan, C.-C., & Chen, S.-C. (2013). The practicable strategies of athletes career counseling. Quarterly of Chinese Physical Education, 27(1), 31-37. https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.2701.201303.1305】
- 蒙光俊（2009）。大學生完美主義、社會興趣與幸福感之相關研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立嘉義大學。 【Meng, G.-J. (2009). The relationship study of perfectionism, social interest and wellness on college student [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Chiayi University.】
- 趙淑媛、蔡太生、曾祥志、陳志堅（2011）。高中生主觀幸福感的特點及其與學業成績的關係。中國臨床心理學雜誌，19（1），128-129。 【Zhao, S., Cai, T., Zeng, X., & Chen, Z. (2011). Subjective well-being of senior high school students and its relationship to school-work achievement. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 128-129.】
- 劉琪、廖主民（2013）。運動幸福感在心理技能與生活適應的中介效應。大專體育學刊，15（3），300-308。https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.1503.005 【Liou, C., & Liao, C.-M. (2013). Mediating effect of well-being in sport on psychological skills and life adjustment. Sports & Exercise Research, 15(3), 300-308. https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.1503.005】
- 蔣憶德、季力康（2006）。知覺與喜愛教練領導行為及運動動機氣候的一致性對內在動機及滿意度的預測。體育學報，39（4），85-101。https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.3904.200612.1408 【Chiang, Y.-T., & Chi, L.-K. (2006). The predictions of congruence between preferred and perceived coaches’ leadership and motivational climate to intrinsic motivation and satisfaction. Physical Education Journal, 39(4), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.3904.200612.1408】
- 盧素娥（1994）。不同目標取向與運動樂趣的相關研究。體育學報，18，311-319。https://doi. org/10.6222/pej.0018.199412.3428 【Lu, S.-E. (1994). The relationships of goal orientations to sport enjoyment. Physical Education Journal, 18, 311-319. https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.0018.199412.3428】
- 謝明均（2015）。大學生寂寞感、社會支持與幸福感之關係研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學。 【Hsieh, M.-C. (2015). A study of the relationship of loneliness, social support, and happiness among college students [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Taiwan Normal University.】
- Basak, R., & Ghosh, A. (2008). Ego-identity status and its relationship with self-esteem in a group of late adolescents. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34(2), 337-344.
- Blustein, D. L., Devenis, L. E., & Kidney, B. A. (1989). Relationship between the identity formation process and career development. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 196-202. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.196
- Campbell, A. (1976). Subjective measures of well-being. American Psychologist, 31(2), 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.31.2.117
- Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Gerbino, M., Paciello, M., & Vecchio, G. M. (2006). Looking for adolescents’ well-being: Self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of positive thinking and happiness. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 15(1), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1121189X00002013
- Cheek, J. M. (1989). Identity orientations and self-interpretation. In D. M. Buss & N. Cantor (Eds.), Personality psychology: Recent trends and emerging directions (pp. 275-285). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0634-4_21
- Cheek, J. M., & Briggs, S. R. (1982). Self-consciousness and aspects of identity. Journal of Research in Personality, 16(4), 401-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(82)90001-0
- Cureton, E. E. (1957). The upper and lower twenty-seven per cent rule. Psychometrika, 22, 293-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289130
- Dhara, R. D., & Jogsan, Y. A. (2013). Depression and psychological well-being in old age. Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy, 3(3), 117-220. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0487.1000117
- Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
- Diener, E. (2013). The remarkable changes in the science of subjective well-being. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 663-666. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613507583
- Diener, E., Wolsic, B., & Fujita, F. (1995). Physical attractiveness and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(1), 120-129. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.120
- Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. W. W. Norton and Company.
- Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. W. W. Norton and Company.
- Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. W. W. Norton and Company.
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
- Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage.
- Hogan, R., & Cheek, J. M. (1983). Identity, authenticity, and maturity. In T. R. Sarbin & K. E. Scheibe (Eds.), Studies in social identity (pp. 339-357). Praeger.
- Hong, Z.-R, Veach, P. M., & Lawrenz, F. (2003). An investigation of the gender stereotyped thinking of Taiwanese secondary school boys and girls. Sex Roles, 48, 495-504. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023571111617
- Kimmel, D. C., & Weiner, I. B. (1985). Forming a sense of identity. In D. C. Kimmel & I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Adolescence: A developmental transition (pp. 415-457). Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Kristiansen, E., & Stensrud, T. (2017). Young female handball players and sport specialisation: How do they cope with the transition from primary school into a secondary sport school? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(1), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096435
- Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
- Lawther, J. D. (1972). Sport psychology. Prentice-Hall.
- Lewis, H. L. (2003). Differences in ego identity among college students across age, ethnicity, and gender. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 3(2), 159-189. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532706xid030205
- Lu, L. (2005). In pursuit of happiness: The cultural psychological study of SWB. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.6129/CJP.2005.4702.01
- Lu, W., Cheng, C.-F., Lin, S.-H., & Chen, M.-Y. (2019). Sport volunteering and well-being among college students. Current Psychology, 38, 1215-1224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9663-z
- Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111-131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
- Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551-558. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023281
- Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159-187). John Wiley & Sons.
- Meeus, W. (1996). Studies on identity development in adolescence: An overview of research and some new data. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25, 569-598. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537355
- Miller, D. R. (1962). The study of social relationships: Situation, identity, and social interaction. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science. Study II: Empirical substructure and relations with other sciences. Vol. 5. The process areas, the person, and some applied fields: Their place in psychology and in science (pp. 639-737). McGraw-Hill. https://doi.org/10.1037/10040-010
- Parham, W. D. (1993). The intercollegiate athlete: A 1990s profile. The Counseling Psychologist, 21(3), 411-429. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000093213005
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Sage.
- Reis, H. T., & Jelsma, B. (1978). A social psychology of sex differences in sport. In W. F. Straub (Ed.), Sport psychology: An analysis of athlete behavior (pp. 178-188). Mouvement.
- Ronen, T., Hamama, L., Rosenbaum, M., & Mishely-Yarlap, A. (2016). Subjective well-being in adolescence: The role of self-control, social support, age, gender, and familial crisis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 81-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9585-5
- Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
- Sampson, E. E. (1978). Personality and the location of identity. Journal of Personality, 46(3), 552-568. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb01017.x
- Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2017). Partial least squares structural equation modeling. In C. Homburg, M. Klarmann, & A. E. Vomberg (Eds.), Handbook of market research (pp. 1-40). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-1
- Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 3-9). Oxford University Press.
- Silverman, I., & Shulman, A. D. (1970). A conceptual model of artifact in attitude change studies. Sociometry, 33(1), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786274
- Steptoe, A., Deaton, A., & Stone, A. A. (2015). Subjective wellbeing, health, and ageing. The Lancet, 385(9968), 640-648. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61489-0
- Upton, G., & Cook, I. (2008). A dictionary of statistics. Oxford University Press.
- Waghmare, R. D. (2016). A study of psychological well being among male and female college students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(3), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.25215/0303.118
- Williams, L. J., Vandenberg, R. J., & Edwards, J. R. (2009). Structural equation modeling in management research: A guide for improved analysis. Academy of Management Annals, 3(1), 543-604. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520903065683
- Wilson, W. R. (1967). Correlates of avowed happiness. Psychological Bulletin, 67(4), 294-306. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024431
| APA Format | Han, P.-T., Hong, Z.-R, Lu, Y.-Y., Lin, H.-S., Wang, H.-H., & Huang, A.-Y. (2021). Investigation of outstanding college volleyball players’ ego identity and well-being. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 66(2), 111-144. https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.202106_66(2).0004 |
|---|