Relationship Between School Management and Student Deviant Behavior: Pedagogical Input from Teachers and Teaching Support as Mediating Variables
Author: Yu-Chuan Chen (Department of Education and Graduate Institute of Educational Policy and Administration, National Taiwan Normal University)
Vol.&No.:Vol. 66, No. 3
Date:September 2021
Pages:1-30
DOI:https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.202109_66(3).0001
Abstract:
This study examined the implications of school management, pedagogical input from teachers, teaching support, and student deviant behavior to construct a structural equation model and validating it using with observational data. The researcher used the empirical data provided in 2015 by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The researcher asked the school principal or a person designated by the principal to complete a questionnaire, and 14,530 valid questionnaires were retrieved. The OECD PISA 2015 School Questionnaire data were used to select topics that conformed to the definitions of the measurement variables. IBM SPSS Statistic 22.0 was used for descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability testing. SPSS AMOS was used for validation of the structural equation model in terms of goodness of fit. The results validated the seven proposed hypotheses and indicated that the developed structural equations achieved good model fit. Relevant conclusions and recommendations are presented herein on the basis of the research findings.
Keywords:pedagogical input from teachers, teaching support, student deviant behavior, school management
《Full Text》
References:
- 王光治(2011)。原住民地區國小教師融合教育態度與教學支援需求之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺東大學。https://doi.org/10.6836/NTTU.2011.00006 【Wang, G.-J. (2011). A study of the integrated education attitudes and teaching support needs of the aboriginal elementary school teachers [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Taitung University. https://doi.org/10.6836/NTTU.2011.00006】
- 朱乙真(2019)。未來教育指數 芬蘭第一、台灣十七》經濟學人預告:亞洲國家崇尚填鴨式教育「終將被時代淘汰」。未來Family。https://gfamily.cwgv.com.tw/content/index/15186?fbclid=IwAR00AjwKVeww0fPLQ6r11ZOMhTmhPk6lgB44bSDG86aaVT8ZprrvYoflNCQ 【Zhu, Y.-Z. (2019). Finland/No. 1 in the world of future education index, Taiwan/No. 17. Future Family. https://gfamily.cwgv.com.tw/content/index/15186?fbclid=IwAR00AjwKVeww0fPLQ6r11ZOMhTmhPk6lgB44bSDG86aaVT8ZprrvYoflNCQ】
- 吳中勤(2016)。中學生偏差行為組型的異質性分析:社會心理學觀點的詮釋。教育心理學報,47(4),525-546。https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.20150423 【Wu, C.-C. (2016). An investigation of the heterogeneity of deviant subgroups among high school students: An interpretation from sociopsychology. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 47(4), 525-546. https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.20150423】
- 吳佩娟、郭丁熒(2012)。教師投入教學與師生關係的關聯性之探討。屏東教育大學學報:教育類,38,165-198。 【Wu, P.-C., & Guo, D.-Y. (2012). The relation between teaching engagement and teacher-pupil relationship. Journal of Pingtung University of Education: Education, 38, 165-198.】
- 吳和堂、鍾明翰(2011)。國小實習教師的角色知覺、工作投入與專業成長之因果關係研究。教育心理學報,43(2),419-438。https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.20100618.1 【Wu, H.-T., & Chung, M.-H. (2011). The causality among role perception, job involvement and professional growth. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 43(2), 419-438. https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.20100618.1】
» More
- 王光治(2011)。原住民地區國小教師融合教育態度與教學支援需求之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺東大學。https://doi.org/10.6836/NTTU.2011.00006 【Wang, G.-J. (2011). A study of the integrated education attitudes and teaching support needs of the aboriginal elementary school teachers [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Taitung University. https://doi.org/10.6836/NTTU.2011.00006】
- 朱乙真(2019)。未來教育指數 芬蘭第一、台灣十七》經濟學人預告:亞洲國家崇尚填鴨式教育「終將被時代淘汰」。未來Family。https://gfamily.cwgv.com.tw/content/index/15186?fbclid=IwAR00AjwKVeww0fPLQ6r11ZOMhTmhPk6lgB44bSDG86aaVT8ZprrvYoflNCQ 【Zhu, Y.-Z. (2019). Finland/No. 1 in the world of future education index, Taiwan/No. 17. Future Family. https://gfamily.cwgv.com.tw/content/index/15186?fbclid=IwAR00AjwKVeww0fPLQ6r11ZOMhTmhPk6lgB44bSDG86aaVT8ZprrvYoflNCQ】
- 吳中勤(2016)。中學生偏差行為組型的異質性分析:社會心理學觀點的詮釋。教育心理學報,47(4),525-546。https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.20150423 【Wu, C.-C. (2016). An investigation of the heterogeneity of deviant subgroups among high school students: An interpretation from sociopsychology. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 47(4), 525-546. https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.20150423】
- 吳佩娟、郭丁熒(2012)。教師投入教學與師生關係的關聯性之探討。屏東教育大學學報:教育類,38,165-198。 【Wu, P.-C., & Guo, D.-Y. (2012). The relation between teaching engagement and teacher-pupil relationship. Journal of Pingtung University of Education: Education, 38, 165-198.】
- 吳和堂、鍾明翰(2011)。國小實習教師的角色知覺、工作投入與專業成長之因果關係研究。教育心理學報,43(2),419-438。https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.20100618.1 【Wu, H.-T., & Chung, M.-H. (2011). The causality among role perception, job involvement and professional growth. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 43(2), 419-438. https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.20100618.1】
- 吳武典(1997)。國中偏差行為學生學校生活適應之探討。教育心理學報,29,25-49。https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.19970901.2 【Wu, W.-T. (1997). School adjustment of junior high students with deviant behaviors. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 29, 25-49. https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.19970901.2】
- 宋宥賢、李佩珊、張聖杰(2018)。初任國民中小學專任輔導教師職前培訓方案的參與經驗與需求評估之初探研究。中華輔導與諮商學報,51,217-262。https://doi.org/10.3966/172851862018040051007 【Sung, Y.-H., Lee, P.-S., & Chang, S.-C. (2018). The perspectives of novice school counselors in Taiwan elementary and secondary schools for pre-service training programs. Chinese Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 51, 217-262. https://doi.org/10.3966/172851862018040051007】
- 周愫嫻(2001)。愛上學的孩子,不會變壞嗎?論學校因素與青少年偏差行為之關係。應用心理研究,11,93-115。 【Jou, S.-S. (2001). Can a youth love to go to school and yet behave delinquently? A study on schooling and juvenile delinquency. Research in Applied Psychology, 11, 93-115.】
- 林正文(1993)。兒童行為觀察與輔導─行為治療的輔導取向。五南。 【Lin, Z.-W. (1993). Child behavior observation and counseling: Counseling orientation of behavior therapy. Wu-Nan.】
- 林漢唐、陳慧娟(2016)。家長網路管教、學校投入與青少年危險網路行為之關係:家庭凝聚力之調節效果分析。教育科學研究期刊,61(4),205-242。https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.2016.61(4).08 【Lin, H.-T., & Chen, H.-J. (2016). Relationships between parental internet intervention, school engagement, and risky online behaviors among adolescents: The moderatoring role of family cohesion. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 61(4), 205-242. https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.2016.61(4).08】
- 范熾文(2004)。學校人力資源管理內涵之建構。學校行政,30,1-15。https://doi.org/10.6423/HHHC.200403.0001 【Fan, C.-W. (2004). Study on constructing human resource management of schools. School Administrators, 30, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.6423/HHHC.200403.0001】
- 香港教育統籌局(2006)。何謂校本管理?https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/sch-admin/sbm/sbm-forms-references/emb_cn_leaflet.pdf 【Education and Manpower Bureau, Hong Kong. (2006). What is school-based management? https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/sch-admin/sbm/sbm-forms-references/emb_cn_leaflet.pdf】
- 張雲龍(2016)。家庭與學校知覺影響高中職生偏差行為之探討。輔導與諮商學報,38(1),61-82。 【Chang, Y.-L. (2016). A study on the influence of the family and school perception for senior high school students’ deviant behavior. The Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 38(1), 61-82.】
- 教育部(2016)。學生常見偏差行為類別、預防及處理作為。http://210.59.16.247/htdocs/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D/ymmil/doc/20170216-%E9%98%B2%E6%B2%BB%E9%9C%B8%E5%87%8C/4-%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA.pdf 【Ministry of Education. (2016). Student deviant behavior categories, prevention and handling actions. http://210.59.16.247/htdocs/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D/ymmil/doc/20170216-%E9%98%B2%E6%B2%BB%E9%9C%B8%E5%87%8C/4-%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA.pdf】
- 陳木金、邱馨儀、張維倩、林惠煌(2013,12月14日)。以學定教的校長教學領導模式。「兩岸三地校長學」學術研討會,臺北市,臺灣。 【Chen, M.-J., Chou, S.-Y., Chang, W.-C., & Lin, H.-H. (2013, December 14). Principal instructional leadership model: Learning orientation in taught [Paper presentation]. The Conference on Principals in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Mainland China, Taipei, Taiwan.】
- 陳世育(2014)。教室內的國王如何推動班級經營。臺灣教育評論月刊,3(10),75-77。 【Chen, S.-Y. (2014). How does the king in the classroom promote class management? Taiwan Educational Review Monthly, 3(10), 75-77.】
- 陳正昌、程炳林、陳新豐、劉子鍵(2005)。多變量分析方法─統計軟體應用。五南。 【Chen, C.-C., Cherng, B.-L., Chen, S.-F., & Liu, T.-C. (2005). Multivariate analysis- Application of statistical software. Wu-Nan.】
- 陳玉娟(2018)。大學品牌權益、學生認同與學生就業力關係之研究。教育政策論壇,21(3),1-32。https://doi.org/10.3966/156082982018082103001 【Chen, Y.-J. (2018). The relationship among brand equity, student identify, and student employability in universities. Educational Policy Forum, 21(3), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.3966/156082982018082103001】
- 陳幸仁(2012)。以微觀政治觀點探討教師專業發展評鑑之推動。臺灣教育評論月刊,1(7),14-16。https://doi.org/10.6791/TER.201205.0014 【Chen, H.-J. (2012). To study the promotion of teacher professional development evaluation from a micro-political viewpoint. Taiwan Educational Review Monthly, 1(7), 14-16. https://doi.org/10.6791/TER.201205.0014】
- 陳俊生、林新發(2003)。學校本位管理及其實施成效評析。國立臺北師範學院學報,16(1),379-412。 【Chen, J.-S., & Lin, X.-F. (2003). Comment on effects of school-based management: Theory and practice. Journal of National Taipei Teachers College, 16(1), 379-412.】
- 陳柏霖、洪兆祥、余民寧(2013)。網路閱讀態度、網路閱讀行為及網路閱讀素養之橫斷面研究。教育科學研究期刊,58(3),23-50。https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.2013.58(3).02 【Chen, P.-L., Hung, C.-H., & Yu, M.-N. (2013). Cross-sectional study of the relationships among E-reading attitude, E-reading behavior, and E-reading literacy. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 58(3), 23-50. https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.2013.58(3).02】
- 陳貞吟、張楓明、郭俊豪(2018)。高中生知覺教師教學效能、學業自我效能與班級偏差行為關聯性之探討。青少年犯罪防治研究期刊,10(2),1-42。https://doi.org/10.29751/JRDP.201812_10(2).0001 【Chen, Z.-Y., Chang, F.-M., & Guo, J.-H. (2018). The relationship between senior high school students’ perception of teachers’ efficacy, academic self-efficacy, and class deviant behavior. Journal of Research in Delinquency and Prevention, 10(2), 1-42. https://doi.org/10.29751/JRDP.201812_10(2).0001】
- 陳清溪(2000)。啟智班教師教學支援需求與教學自我效能之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學。 【Chen, C.-H. (2000). The study of teaching support needs and teaching self-efficacy of teachers who teaching students with mental retardation [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Changhua University of Education.】
- 陳寬裕、王正華(2013)。結構方程模式分析實務:AMOS的運用。五南。 【Chen, K.-Y., & Wang, C.-H. (2013). Structural equation modeling: The application of AMOS. Wu-Nan.】
- 陳寬裕、王正華(2017)。論文統計分析實務:SPSS與AMOS的運用。五南。 【Chen, K.-Y., & Wang, C.-H. (2017). The application of SPSS and AMOS. Wu-Nan.】
- 黃文三、黃馨德、沈碩彬(2019)。高雄公立高中職校長服務領導、教師工作投入與學校效能之徑路模式探析。人文社會科學研究:教育類,13(1),49-74。https://doi.org/10.6618/HSSRP.201903_13(1).3 【Huang, W.-S., Huang, X.-D., & Shen, S.-P. (2019). A path model analysis on principal service leadership, teachers’ job involvement, and school effectiveness in public vocational and senior high schools in Kaohsiung City. NPUST Humanities and Social Sciences Research: Pedagogy, 13(1), 49-74. https://doi.org/10.6618/HSSRP.201903_13(1).3】
- 黃志灯、林惠芳、洪福源(2018)。國小教師時間觀點、教師學業樂觀與教師工作投入之關係研究。運動與遊憩研究,13(2),93-115。https://doi.org/10.29423/JSRR.201812_13(2).08 【Huang, C.-T., Lin, H.-F., & Hong, F.-Y. (2018). A study of the relationships among time perspective, academic optimism and work engagement of elementary school teachers. Journal of Sport and Recreation Research, 13(2), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.29423/JSRR.201812_13(2).08】
- 黃玫玉、林惠雅(2012)。國中青少年知覺導師管教行為與其在校偏差行為之相關研究。輔仁民生學誌,18(2),145-166。https://doi.org/10.29440/FJJHE.201212.0008 【Huang, M.-Y., & Lin, H.-Y. (2012). An investigation of relationships between adolescent perceptions of teachers’ discipline behaviors and deviant behaviors in school. Fu Jen Journal of Human Ecology, 18(2), 145-166. https://doi.org/10.29440/FJJHE.201212.0008】
- 黃芳銘(2007)。結構方程模式:理論與應用(第五版)。五南。 【Hwang, F.-M. (2007). Structural equation modeling: Theory and application (5th ed.). Wu-Nan.】
- 黃建榮(2016)。直銷商的道德銷售行為、會員信任、滿意與購後行為之關聯性研究。直銷管理評論,2(2),61-84。 【Huang, C.-J. (2016). Relationships among direct distributors’ ethical selling behaviors, members’ trust, satisfaction and behavioral consequences. Direct Selling Management Review, 2(2), 61-84.】
- 黃寶園、周莎涵、陳淑觀、張起梅、吳水仙、陳秋蓮(2008)。臺中市幼兒園所教師知覺園所長領導風格與教師工作投入關係之研究。臺中教育大學學報:教育類,22(1),51-73。https://doi.org/10.7037/JNTUE.200806.0051 【Huang, B.-Y., Jou, S.-H., Chen, S.-G., Chang, C.-M., Wu, S.-S., & Chen, C.-L. (2008). A study on the relationship between the leadership of the preschool principals and the job involvement of teachers in Taichung City. Journal of National Taichung University of Education: Education, 22(1), 51-73. https://doi.org/10.7037/JNTUE.200806.0051】
- 楊孟華、趙雅慧(2014)。國中體育教師工作投入與創意教學之關係研究—以雲嘉地區為例。休閒運動期刊,13,63-72。 【Yang, M.-H., & Zhao, Y.-H. (2014). The relationships between job involvement and creative teaching of junior high school physical education teachers: A case of Yunlin and Chiayi area. Leisure & Exercise, 13, 63-72.】
- 葉東興、吳明隆(2010)。高雄縣國中教師知覺校長情境領導、組織溝通與教師工作投入關係之研究。正修通識教育學報,7,79-112。https://doi.org/10.29966/CHTSCYHP.201006.0004 【Ye, D.-S., & Wu, M.-L. (2010). A study on the relationships among the awareness of junior high school teachers in Kaohsiung County on the principal’s situational leadership and organizational communication and the teacher’s job involvement. Cheng-Shiu General Education Journal, 7, 79-112. https://doi.org/10.29966/CHTSCYHP.201006.0004】
- 潘慧玲(2017)。從學校變革觀點探析學習領導。學校行政,110,1-23。https://doi.org/10.3966/160683002017070110001 【Pan, H.-L. W. (2017). Investigating leadership for learning from the perspective of school change. School Administrators, 110, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3966/160683002017070110001】
- 潘慧玲、陳文彥(2018)。校長促進教師專業學習的槓桿:校長學習領導對教師課堂教學研究影響之中介模式分析。教育研究集刊,64(3),79-121。https://doi.org/10.3966/102887082018096403003 【Pan, H.-L. W., & Chen, W.-Y. (2018). The leverage for principals to promote teacher professional learning: Analyzing a mediated-effects model regarding the impact of principal leadership for learning on lesson study. Bulletin of Educational Research, 64(3), 79-121. https://doi.org/10.3966/102887082018096403003】
- 鄭怡君、蔡俊傑(2016)。Bootstrap中介效果結構方程模式分析。體育學系系刊,15,102-114。 【Cheng, Y.-C., & Tsai, J.-J. (2016). Introduction to Bootstrap mediated effect with structural equation modeling. Journal of NTUSPE, 15, 102-114.】
- 賴威廷(2017)。論我國偏遠地區學校經營之困境—以學校行政人員觀點。學校行政,110,118-139。https://doi.org/10.3966/160683002017070110006 【Lia, W.-T. (2017). Investigating the predicament of remote school management in Taiwan- A viewpoint of school administrators. School Administrators, 110, 118-139. https://doi.org/10.3966/160683002017070110006】
- 戴伸峰、翁惠瑜(2018)。國中教師之控制信念對學生偏差行為引發師生衝突情境之教師因應策略影響。青少年犯罪防治研究期刊,10(2),89-121。https://doi.org/10.29751/JRDP.201812_10(2).0003 【Tai, S.-F., & Weng, H.-Y. (2018). Junior high school teachers’ locus of control and the strategies toward teacher-student conflict resulted from the deviant behaviors of students. Journal of Research in Delinquency and Prevention, 10(2), 89-121. https://doi.org/10.29751/JRDP.201812_10(2).0003】
- 謝文全(2002)。學校本位管理的實施與困境。教育研究集刊,48(2),1-36。https://doi.org/10.6910/BER.200206_(48-2).0001 【Hsieh, W.-C. (2002). The implementation and difficulties of school-based management. Bulletin of Educational Research, 48(2), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.6910/BER.200206_(48-2).0001】
- 龔心怡、李靜儀(2015)。影響國中經濟弱勢學生之學業表現與中輟傾向之因素:以「脈絡—自我—行動—結果」之動機發展自我系統模式為取向。教育科學研究期刊,60(4),55-92。https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.2015.60(4).03 【Kung, H.-Y., & Lee, C.-Y. (2015). Influence of academic achievement and dropout on economically disadvantaged students: An investigation of the “Context-Self-Action-Result” self-system model of motivational development. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 60(4), 55-92. https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.2015.60(4).03】
- Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
- Arnold, D. H., McWilliams, L., & Arnold, E. H. (1998). Teacher discipline and child misbehavior in day care: Untangling causality with correlational data. Developmental Psychology, 34(2), 276-287. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.2.276
- Ayllón, S., Alsina, Á., & Colomer, J. (2019). Teachers’ involvement and students’ self-efficacy: Keys to achievement in higher education. PloS One, 14(5), e0216865. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216865
- Björklund, C., Magnusson, M., & Palmér, H. (2018). Teachers’ involvement in children’s mathematizing - Beyond dichotomization between play and teaching. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 26(4), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2018.1487162
- Bossert, S. T., Dwyer, D. C., Rowan, B., & Lee, G. V. (1982). The instructional management role of the principal. Educational Administration Quarterly, 18(3), 34-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X82018003004
- Castetter, W. B., & Young, I. P. (2004). Human resource function in educational administration (8th ed.). Pearson.
- Chen, Y.-G., Cheng, J.-N., Liang, C.-M., & Sato, M. (2012). Some factors in deviant behaviors of elementary school students in Taiwan and Japan. Social Behavior and Personality, 40(4), 623-638. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.4.623
- Delaney, J. G. (1997). Principal leadership: A primary factor in school-based management and school improvement. NASSP Bulletin, 81(586), 107-111. https://doi.org/10.1177/019263659708158613
- Earnshaw, V. A., Rosenthal, L., Carroll-Scott, A., Peters, S. M., McCaslin, C., & Ickovics, J. R. (2014). Teacher involvement as a protective factor from the association between race-based bullying and smoking initiation. Social Psychology of Education, 17, 197-209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-014-9250-1
- Efstratopoulou, M. A., Janssen, R., & Simons, J. (2019). Children’s deviant behavior in primary education: Comparing physical educator’s implicit theory with diagnostic criteria. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(3), 246-256. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712449479
- Feitler, F. C., & Tokar, E. (1982). Getting a handle on teacher stress: How bad is the problem? Educational Leadership, 39(6), 456-458.
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
- Fu, C.-S. (2015). The effect of emotional labor on job involvement in preschool teachers: Verifying the mediating effect of psychological capital. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 14(3), 145-156.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Prentice Hall.
- Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
- Hargreaves, A. (2001). Emotional geographies of teaching. Teachers College Record, 103(6), 1056-1080.
- Huizinga, T., Handelzalts, A., Nieveen, N., & Voogt, J. M. (2014). Teacher involvement in curriculum design: Need for support to enhance teachers’ design expertise. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 46(1), 33-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2013.834077
- Lodahl, T. M., & Kejnar, M. (1965). The definition and measurement of job involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49(1), 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0021692
- Mardia, K. V. (1985). Mardia’s test of multinormality. In S. Kotz & N. L. Johnson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of statistical sciences (Vol. 5, pp. 217-221). John Wiley.
- Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2016). PISA 2015 database. http://www.oecd.org/pisa/data/2015database/
- Skedsmo, G., & Huber, S. G. (2018). Teacher evaluation: The need for valid measures and increased teacher involvement. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 30, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-018-9273-9
- Spilt, J. L., Leflot, G., & Colpin, H. (2019). Teacher involvement prevents increases in children’s depressive symptoms: Bidirectional associations in elementary school. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(2), 359-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0441-7
- Swanepoel, C. (2008). The perceptions of teachers and school principals of each other’s disposition towards teacher involvement in school reform. South African Journal of Education, 28(1), 39-51.
- Tolegen, M. A., Seriev, B. A., Akhatov, U. A., Taubayev, B. R., & Balashov, T. T. (2016). Social and legal aspects of the educational support of adolescents with deviant behavior. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 11(11), 4768-4781.
- Vettenburg, N. (1989). The role of the school in the evolution of the deviant behavior of youngsters. Tijdschrift Voor Sociologie, 10(3-4), 615-642.